Table of Contents

• Preface xiii
• Part I Overview of the Diagnostic Process 1
• 1 Overview of Diagnosis Categorization Grading and Staging 3
  Identification of the process 3
  Identification of tumor types 6
  Grading 6
  Staging 9
  Staging versus clinical behavior 10
  Tumor classification by cell type: epithelial mesenchymal round cell and melanoma 13
  Epithelial tumors 13
  Mesenchymal tumors 29
  Round cell tumors 37
  Melanoma 48
  Conclusion 51
  References 52
• Part II Case Studies 57
• 2 Selected Lesions of the Head and Neck 59
  Bone tumors of the head 59
  Osteoma 59
  Osteosarcoma 59
  Mass lesions of the ear canal 62
  Aural polyp 62
  Ceruminous adenoma 63
  Ceruminous carcinoma 64
  Mass lesions of the external ear pinna 65
  Histiocytoma 65
  Squamous cell carcinoma 66
  Mass lesions of the conjunctiva and nictitans 67
  Papilloma 67
  Squamous cell carcinoma 68
  Hemangiosarcoma 70
  Melanoma 71
  Eyelid masses 72
  Meibomian gland adenoma 72
  Spindle cell tumor 72
  Lesions of the oral and nasal mucosal epithelium 74
  Eosinophilic inflammation 74
  Lymphoplasmacellular inflammation 76
  Lymphoma 77
  Epulis 78
  Acanthomatous epulis 78
  Ossifying epulis 79
  Viral papilloma 80
  Squamous cell carcinoma 81
  Melanoma 82
  Nasal cavity tumors 83
  Adenocarcinoma 84
  Chondrosarcoma 85
  Mass lesions of the canine and feline muzzle skin 86
  Sebaceous gland nodular hyperplasia 86
  Sebaceous gland adenoma 87
  Sebaceous epithelioma 87
  Trichoblastoma (Basal cell tumor) 88
  Mast cell tumor 90
  Plasma cell tumor 91
  Mass lesions of the submandibular region 92
  Reactive lymph node 93
  Malignant lymphoma 94
  Normal salivary gland 95
  Salivary mucocele 95
  Salivary gland carcinoma 96
  Ventral neck masses 97
  Thyroid adenoma 98
  Thyroid carcinoma 99
  Parathyroid adenoma 100
  Additional reading 101
  Bone tumors of the head 101
  Mass lesions of the ear canal 101
  Ceruminous gland carcinoma 101
  Mass lesions of the external ear pinna 101
  Histiocytoma 101
  Squamous cell carcinoma 101
  Mass lesions of the conjunctiva and nictitans 101
  Eyelid masses 102
  Meibomian gland adenoma 102
  Spindle cell tumor 102
  Lesions of the oral and nasal mucosal epithelium 102
  Eosinophilic inflammation 102
  Lymphoplasmacellular inflammation 102
  Acanthomatous epulis 102
  Viral papilloma 102
  Squamous cell carcinoma 102
  Melanoma 102
  Nasal cavity tumors 102
  Adenocarcinoma 103
  Chondrosarcoma 103
  Mass lesions of the canine and feline muzzle skin 103
  Sebaceous gland nodular hyperplasia 103
  Sebaceous gland adenoma 103
  Sebaceous epithelioma 103
  Trichoblastoma (Basal cell tumor) 103
  Mast cell tumor 103
  Plasma cell tumor 103
  Mass lesions of the submandibular region 103
  Reactive lymph node 103
  Malignant lymphoma 103
  Normal salivary gland 104
  Salivary mucocele 104
  Salivary gland carcinoma 104
  Ventral neck masses 104
  Thyroid carcinoma 104
• 3 Selected Lesions of the Limbs Paws and Digits 105
  Bone lesions 105
  Periosteal hyperplasia 105
  Osteosarcoma 105
  Subungual tumors 108
  Melanoma 108
  Squamous cell carcinoma 110
  Digital skin and nail bed lesions 111
  Calcinosis circumscripta 111
  Plasmacellular pododermatitis 112
  Papilloma 112
  Fibroadnexal hyperplasia 114
  Stromal tumors of the limb 116
  Canine low- grade spindle cell tumor 116
  Feline spindle cell tumor 118
  Lipoma 119
  Liposarcoma 121
  Synovial sarcoma 122
  Additional reading 123
  Bone lesions 123
  Subungual tumors 123
  Melanoma 123
  Squamous cell carcinoma 124
  Digital skin and nail bed lesions 124
  Calcinosis circumscripta 124
  Plasmacellular pododermatitis 124
  Papilloma 124
  Fibroadnexal hyperplasia 124
  Stromal tumors of the limb 124
• 4 Selected Genital and Perineal Masses 127
  Perineal masses 127
  Rectal polyp 127
  Perianal gland adenoma 127
  Perianal gland carcinoma 129
  Anal sac apocrine gland carcinoma 130
  Masses of the external genitalia 132
  Transmissible venereal tumor 132
  Mast cell tumor 133
  Additional reading 134
  Perineal masses 134
  Rectal polyp 134
  Perianal gland adenoma 134
  Perianal gland carcinoma 134
  Anal sac apocrine gland carcinoma 135
  Masses of the external genitalia 135
  Transmissible venereal tumor 135
  Mast cell tumor 135
• 5 Selected Lesions of the Skin and Subcutis of the Trunk 137
  Mass lesions of the dorsal trunk 137
  Calcinosis cutis 137
  Follicular cyst 137
  Cystic adnexal tumors–trichoepithelioma keratoacanthoma 138
  Apocrine adenoma 141
  Apocrine and sebaceous carcinoma 141
  Sebaceous carcinoma 143
  Lipoma 143
  Canine well- differentiated spindle cell proliferation 144
  Canine spindle cell tumor middle grade 146
  Canine spindle cell tumor high grade 146
  Feline spindle cell tumor 149
  Canine cutaneous lymphoma 151
  Mast cell tumor 153
  Canine histiocytoma 154
  Histiocytosis 155
  Dorsal tail head masses 157
  Pilomatricoma 157
  Melanoma 158
  Sebaceous adenoma 160
  Perianal gland adenoma 161
  Ventral trunk vascular lesions of the skin and subcutis 161
  Hemangioma 162
  Hemangiosarcoma 162
  Mass lesions of the mammary gland 164
  Fibroepithelial hyperplasia 164
  Mammary gland adenoma 165
  Complex adenoma 165
  Mixed mammary tumor 167
  Mammary carcinoma 167
  Additional reading 171
  Mass lesions of the dorsal trunk 171
  Calcinosis cutis 171
  Follicular cyst 171
  Cystic adnexal tumors–tricoepithelioma keratoachanthoma 171
  Apocrine adenoma 171
  Apocrine and sebaceous carcinoma 171
  Lipoma 171
  Canine well- differentiated spindle cell proliferation 171
  Canine spindle cell tumor mid grade 171
  Canine spindle cell tumor high grade 171
  Feline spindle cell tumor 171
  Canine cutaneous lymphoma 172
  Mast cell tumor 172
  Canine histiocytoma 172
  Histiocytosis 172
  Dorsal tail head masses 172
  Pilomatricoma 172
  Melanoma 172
  Sebaceous adenoma 172
  Perianal gland adenoma 172
  Ventral trunk vascular lesions of the skin and subcutis 173
  Hemangioma 173
  Hemangiosarcoma 173
  Mass lesions of the mammary gland 173
  Fibroepithelial hyperplasia 173
  Mammary carcinoma 173
• 6 Selected Lesions of the Thoracic Viscera 175
  Cardiac tumors 175
  Hemangiosarcoma 175
  Malignant plasma cell tumor 175
  Pulmonary mass lesions 178
  Pulmonary carcinoma 178
  Pulmonary hemangiosarcoma 180
  Pulmonary adenomatosis 181
  Mediastinal tumors 184
  Mediastinal malignant lymphoma 184
  Thymoma 186
  Additional reading 187
  Cardiac tumors 187
  Hemangiosarcoma 187
  Pulmonary mass lesions 187
  Pulmonary carcinoma 188
  Mediastinal tumors 188
  Mediastinal malignant lymphoma 188
  Thymoma 188
• 7 Selected Lesions of the Abdominal Viscera 189
  Diseases that result in liver enlargement 189
  Vacuolar hepatopathy 189
  Bile duct hyperplasia 189
  Hepatocellular neoplasia 191
  Bile duct carcinoma 193
  Hepatic hemangiosarcoma 194
  Gastrointestinal lesions 194
  Eosinophilic inflammatory bowel disease 195
  Lymphoplasmacellular inflammatory bowel disease 196
  Gastrointestinal malignant lymphoma 197
  Gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma 198
  Gastrointestinal spindle cell tumor 199
  Kidney and bladder masses 200
  Pyogranulomatous inflammatory disease suggestive of FIP 200
  Renal carcinoma 201
  Renal malignant lymphoma 202
  Urinary bladder cystitis with reactive epithelial hyperplasia 203
  Urinary bladder polyp 204
  Transitional cell carcinoma 205
  Splenomegaly and splenic masses 206
  Extramedullary hematopoiesis 207
  Lymphoid nodular hyperplasia 207
  Malignant lymphoma 209
  Mast cell tumor 209
  Splenic torsion 211
  Splenic hematoma 211
  Splenic hemangiosarcoma 214
  Splenic histiocytic sarcoma 216
  Splenic malignant fibrous histiocytoma 217
  Additional reading 218
  Diseases that result in liver enlargement 218
  Vacuolar hepatopathy 218
  Nodular regeneration with bile duct hyperplasia 218
  Hepatocellular neoplasia 218
  Bile duct carcinoma 218
  Hepatic hemangiosarcoma 218
  Lymphoma 218
  Gastrointestinal lesions 218
  Eosinophilic inflammatory bowel disease 219
  Lymphoplasmacellular inflammatory bowel disease 219
  Gastrointestinal malignant lymphoma 219
  Gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma 219
  Gastrointestinal spindle cell tumor 219
  Kidney and bladder masses 219
  Pyogranulomatous inflammatory disease suggestive of feline infectious peritonitis 219
  Renal carcinoma 219
  Urinary bladder cystitis with reactive epithelial hyperplasia 219
  Urinary bladder polyp 219
  Transitional cell carcinoma 219
  Splenomegaly and splenic masses 219
  Extramedullary hematopoiesis 220
  Lymphoid nodular hyperplasia 220
  Mast cell tumor 220
  Splenic torsion 220
  Splenic hemangiosarcoma 220
• 8 Sample Handling 221
  Cytological specimens 221
  Biopsy specimens 227
  Histology processing glass slide production routine stains special stains and additional tests 232
  Additional reading 235
  Cytology specimens 235
  Biopsy specimens 236
• Index 237