Table of Contents

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Editors
• Contributors
• Preface
• Table of contents
• BASIC SCIENCE
• 1. MECHANISMS OF ARRHYTHMIAS
• The concept of heterogeneity
• Abnormalities of impulse conduction
• Reentry
• Conduction disturbances
• Abnormalities of impulse formation
• Enhanced automaticity
• Enhanced abnormal automaticity
• Triggered activity
• Early afterdepolarizations
• Delayed afterdepolarizations
• References
• 2. INFLUENCE OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ON ARRHYTHMIAS
• Autonomic nervous system and sinus node
• Autonomic nervous system and atrioventricular node
• Autonomic nervous system and atrial fibrillation
• Autonomic nervous system and firing from the pulmonary veins and other sites
• Autonomic nervous system and supraventricular tachycardias
• Autonomic nervous system and ventricular arrhythmias
• Autonomic nervous system and arrhythmias in heart diseases
• Autonomic nervous system and heart failure
• Autonomic nervous system and sudden death
• Autonomic nervous system and neurally mediated syncope
• References
• 3. CLASSIFICATION AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ARRHYTHMIAS
• Classification of arrhythmias
• Hemodynamic consequences of arrhythmias
• Clinical findings
• Physical examination
• References
• DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES
• 4. USE OF THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ARRHYTHMIAS
• Value and limitations of electrocardiography
• Electrocardiographic devices
• The electrocardiograph
• Holter monitoring
• Event recorders
• Electrophysiological study
• Electrocardiogram lead systems
• Systematic interpretation of the electrocardiogram
• Heart rate
• Rhythm
• P wave
• PQ interval and segment
• QRS complex
• ST segment
• T wave
• QT interval
• Electrocardiographic clues to the electrophysiological mechanism of arrhythmias
• Electrocardiographic features of narrow QRS complex tachycardias
• Diagnosis and evaluation of wide QRS complex tachycardias
• Approach to bradyarrhythmias
• References
• 5. HOLTER MONITORING FOR ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS
• Definition
• Indications for Holter monitoring
• Technical aspects
• Recording
• Artifacts
• Reading procedure
• Heart rate variability analysis
• Holter monitoring in dogs: normal findings
• Holter monitoring in cats: normal findings
• Holter monitoring of different arrhythmias
• Supraventricular arrhythmias
• Ventricular arrhythmias
• Bradyarrhythmias
• Conduction disorders
• Holter monitoring in the different disease states
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
• Feline cardiomyopathies
• Inherited ventricular arrhythmias
• Myxomatous mitral valve disease
• Subaortic stenosis
• Pacemaker function evaluation
• References
• 6. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL MAPPING
• Introduction
• Technique
• Basal electrophysiological study
• Mapping supraventricular tachycardias
• Mapping ventricular tachycardias
• 3D electroanatomical mapping
• References
• THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
• 7. ANTIARRHYTHMIC THERAPY
• General considerations
• Drug classification
• Use dependence
• Reverse use dependence
• Mechanisms of suppression of arrhythmia
• Proarrhythmic effects
• Class 0
• Ivabradine
• Class Ia
• Quinidine
• Procainamide
• Disopyramide
• Class Ib
• Lidocaine
• Mexiletine
• Class Ic
• Propafenone
• Flecainide
• Class Id
• Ranolazine
• Class IIa
• Atenolol
• Carvedilol
• Esmolol
• Metoprolol
• Nadolol
• Propranolol
• Class IIb
• Isoproterenol
• Class IIc
• Atropine
• Glycopyrrolate
• Class IId
• Digoxin
• Class IIe
• Aminophylline
• Class IIIa
• Amiodarone
• Dronedarone
• Class IIIb
• Sotalol
• Class IIIc
• Vernakalant
• Class IVa
• Verapamil and diltiazem
• References
• 8. ANESTHESIA IN PATIENTS WITH ARRHYTHMIAS
• Introduction
• Risk assessment
• General considerations
• Anesthetic drugs
• Sedatives
• Induction agents
• Maintenance of general anesthesia
• Anesthetic drugs and the conduction system
• Anesthesia for electrophysiological procedures
• Anesthesia for electrophysiological studies and ablation procedures
• Anesthesia for electrical cardioversion
• Anesthesia for pacemaker implantation
• References
• 9. ELECTRICAL CARDIOVERSION AND DEFIBRILLATION
• Mechanisms of cardioversion and defibrillation
• Equipment
• Factors associated with defibrillation success
• Shock configuration (monophasic vs. biphasic)
• Electrode position
• Transthoracic impedance
• Timing
• Role of cardioversion and defibrillation in specific arrhythmias
• Ventricular fibrillation and polymorphic and pulseless ventricular tachycardia
• Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia
• Atrial fibrillation
• Supraventricular tachycardia
• Complications
• References
• 10. CARDIAC PACEMAKERS AND IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATORS
• Cardiac pacemakers
• Indications for pacemaker therapy
• Principles of pacing
• Equipment
• Implantation procedure
• Device programming
• Complications
• Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
• Equipment
• Device programming
• Role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in dogs with ventricular arrhythmias
• References
• 11. CATHETER ABLATION
• Indications for catheter ablation
• Types of catheter ablation procedure
• Radiofrequency catheter ablation
• Cryoablation
• Radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias
• Accessory pathways
• Focal atrial tachycardia
• Atrial flutter
• Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardias
• Radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atrioventricular node
• References
• TACHYCARDIAS
• 12. SINUS TACHYCARDIA
• Definition
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Electrocardiographic findings
• Clinical presentation
• Therapy
• References
• 13. FOCAL ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIAS
• Definition
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Electrocardiographic findings
• Atrial ectopic beats
• Atrial parasystole
• Atrial rhythms
• Focal atrial tachycardias
• Multifocal atrial tachycardia
• Clinical presentation
• Other methods of evaluation
• Echocardiography
• Electrophysiological study
• Therapy
• References
• 14. JUNCTIONAL RHYTHMS AND JUNCTIONAL TACHYCARDIAS
• Definition
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Electrocardiographic findings
• Junctional beats and rhythms
• Junctional tachycardias
• Clinical presentation
• Other methods of evaluation
• Echocardiography
• Electrophysiological study
• Therapy
• References
• 15. VENTRICULAR PREEXCITATION AND ACCESSORY PATHWAY-MEDIATED TACHYCARDIAS
• Definition
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Electrocardiographic findings
• Ventricular preexcitation
• Orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia
• Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia
• Preexcited tachycardias
• Clinical presentation
• Other methods of evaluation
• Echocardiography
• ElectrophysiologIcal study
• Therapy
• References
• 16. ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
• Definition
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Electrocardiographic findings
• Clinical presentation
• Other methods of evaluation
• Echocardiography
• Electrophysiological study
• Therapy
• Rate control drugs
• Rhythm control drugs
• Rhythm control via electrical cardioversion
• Rhythm control via radiofrequency catheter ablation
• References
• 17. MACROREENTRANT ATRIAL TACHYCARDIAS
• Definition
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Anatomical reentry atrial flutters
• Electrocardiographic findings
• Cavotricuspid isthmus–dependent atrial flutter
• Clinical presentation
• Other methods of evaluation
• Echocardiography
• Electrophysiological study
• Therapy
• References
• 18. VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS
• Definition
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Electrocardiographic findings
• Ventricular ectopic beats
• Ventricular parasystole
• Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
• Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia
• Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
• Ventricular fibrillation
• Clinical presentation
• Other methods of evaluation
• Echocardiography
• 24-hour Holter monitoring/implantable loop recording
• Electrophysiological study
• Therapy
• Decision to treat
• Medical management
• Acute treatment
• Chronic treatment
• Nonmedical management
• References
• BRADYCARDIAS
• 19. SINUS BRADYCARDIA
• Definition
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Electrocardiographic findings
• Clinical presentation
• Therapy
• References
• 20. SINUS NODE DYSFUNCTION
• Definition
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Fundamentals of automaticity
• Sinus node recovery time
• Overdrive suppression
• Atropine test
• Sinus node remodeling and sinus node dysfunction
• Electrocardiographic findings
• Sinus bradycardia
• Sinus arrest and sinoatrial exit block
• Sinus standstill
• Tachycardia-bradycardia and bradycardia-tachycardia syndromes
• Holter findings
• Echocardiography
• Clinical presentation
• Therapy
• Pharmacological treatment
• Cardiac pacing
• Prognosis
• References
• 21. ATRIAL STANDSTILL
• Definition
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Electrocardiographic findings
• Clinical presentation
• Evaluation methods
• Therapy
• References
• 22. CONDUCTION DISTURBANCES
• Definition
• Sinus node complex
• Interatrial and internodal connections
• Atrioventricular conduction axis
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Sinus node exit block
• Interatrial block
• Atrioventricular and intraventricular blocks
• Electrocardiographic findings
• Sinoatrial blocks
• Interatrial blocks
• Atrioventricular blocks
• Clinical presentation
• Atrioventricular blocks
• Other methods of evaluation
• Echocardiography
• Ambulatory electrocardiographic recording
• Electrophysiological study
• Therapy
• Sinus exit blocks
• Interatrial blocks
• Atrioventricular blocks
• Intraventricular blocks
• References
• 23. AGONAL RHYTHMS
• Definition
• Asystole
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Electrocardiographic findings
• Therapy
• Ventricular fibrillation
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Electrocardiographic findings
• Therapy
• Pulseless electrical activity
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Electrocardiographic findings
• Therapy
• References
• SPECIFIC DISEASES
• 24. FAMILIAL VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS
• Definition
• Ventricular arrhythmia in German Shepherd dogs
• Ventricular arrhythmia in Rhodesian Ridgebacks
• Ventricular arrhythmia in Leonbergers
• Ventricular arrhythmia with long QT syndrome
• Treatment of familial ventricular arrhythmias
• References
• 25. ARRHYTHMIAS IN LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY
• Definition
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical presentation
• Arrhythmias in left ventricular hypertrophy
• QRS complex abnormalities
• Premature atrial ectopic beats and supraventricular tachycardias
• Premature ventricular ectopic beats and ventricular tachycardias
• Atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction blocks
• Diagnosis
• Prognosis
• Treatment
• References
• 26. ARRHYTHMIAS IN DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY
• Definition
• Clinical presentation
• Supraventricular arrhythmias in dilated cardiomyopathy
• Atrial premature beats
• Atrial fibrillation
• Ventricular arrhythmias in dilated cardiomyopathy
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Ventricular premature beats
• Ventricular tachycardia
• Identification of animals at high risk for sudden death
• Therapy
• Prevention of sudden cardiac death
• Atrial fibrillation
• Ventricular arrhythmias
• References
• 27. ARRHYTHMIAS IN MYOCARDITIS AND INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHY
• Definition
• Etiology of myocarditis
• Pathophysiology of myocarditis
• Clinical and instrumental findings
• Echocardiography
• Arrhythmias in myocarditis
• Biomarkers and viral serology
• Endomyocardial biopsy
• Therapy
• References
• 28. ARRHYTHMIAS IN ARRHYTHMOGENIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
• Definition
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical presentation
• Supraventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
• Ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Ventricular premature complexes
• Ventricular tachycardia
• Identification of animals at high risk for sudden death
• Diagnosis
• Therapy
• Medical therapy
• Radiofrequency catheter ablation
• Implantable devices
• References
• 29. ARRHYTHMIA-INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY
• Definition
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical presentation
• Diagnosis
• Therapy
• Arrhythmia-specific diagnostic tests and treatment
• Prognosis
• References
• 30. ARRHYTHMIAS IN MITRAL VALVE DISEASE
• Definition
• Electrophysiological mechanism
• Clinical presentation
• Therapy
• References
• 31. ARRHYTHMIAS IN SYSTEMIC DISORDERS
• Electrolyte disturbances
• Hypokalemia
• Hyperkalemia
• Hypomagnesemia
• Chagas' disease
• Viper envenomation
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• References
• 32. SYNCOPE
• Pathophysiology and classification
• Cardiac syncope
• Reflex syncope
• Vasovagal syncope
• Situational syncope
• Carotid sinus syncope
• Orthostatic hypotension syncope
• Diagnosis of syncope
• History and clinical presentation
• Diagnostic tests
• Prognosis of syncope
• Therapy
• References
• 33. SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH
• Definition
• Causes of sudden cardiac death and associated diseases
• Mechanism of sudden cardiac death
• Relationship between structure and function
• Tachyarrhythmia vs. bradyarrhythmia during sudden cardiac death
• Arrhythmogenic mechanism of the different causes of sudden cardiac death, epidemiology, and risk stratification
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Coronary artery abnormalities
• Subaortic stenosis
• Myocarditis
• Acute heart failure
• Bradyarrhythmias
• Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy
• Primary electrical disease
• Prevention of sudden cardiac death
• References