Table of Contents

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Editor
• Contributors
• Preface
• Table of contents
• Basics
• 1 CARDIOVASCULAR EMBRYOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY
• Cardiovascular embryology
• The earliest stages: cardiogenic plate and heart tube formation
• Contraction and early development of the vascular system
• Heart looping
• External morphogenesis of the heart tube
• Development of the vascular system
• Internal morphogenesis: formation of the atrioventricular, interatrial, and interventricular septa
• Valvulogenesis
• Cardiovascular morphology
• The heart, external morphology, position, and relationships with the surrounding organs
• The atria
• The ventricles
• Anatomy of the valves
• Anatomy of the coronary arteries and veins
• The great vessels
• Bibliography
• 2 CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• The cardiac action potential
• Heart rate regulation
• Arterial baroreceptor reflex
• Bainbridge reflex
• Bezold–Jarisch reflex
• Nicoladoni–Branham sign
• Preload, afterload, and contractility
• Preload
• Afterload
• Contractility
• The cardiac cycle
• Introduction to P-V loops
• Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function
• Mechanism of contraction and relaxation
• Rotation, twist, and torsion
• Physiological and pathophysiological variables
• The helical ventricular myocardial band
• Left atrial function
• The right ventricle
• The arterial and venous systems
• The arterial system
• The venous system
• Ventriculo-arterial coupling
• Cardiac remodeling in heart diseases and heart failure
• Myocardial hypertrophy
• Neurohumoral activation
• Inflammatory response
• Bibliography
• Congenital Cardiovascular Diseases
• 3 CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES: GENETICS, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND CLINICAL APPROACH
• Genetics of congenital heart diseases
• Epidemiology of CHDs
• Authors' data
• Epidemiology of CHDs in cats
• Clinical approach of patients with congenital heart diseases
• Patient's history, clinical signs and physical examination
• Thoracic radiography
• Electrocardiography
• Laboratory tests and cardiac biomarkers
• Echocardiography
• Cardiac catheterization and angiography
• Computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
• Bibliography
• 4 CONGENITAL DISEASES OF THE RIGHT HEART
• Introduction
• Pulmonic stenosis
• Pathology
• Pathophysiology and natural history
• Epidemiology
• Clinical signs and physical examination findings
• Diagnostic methods
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Association with other congenital heart diseases
• Treatment
• Indications and preprocedural evaluation
• Postoperative evaluation
• Medical therapy
• Pulmonic stenosis in cats
• Pulmonary artery stenosis
• Double-chambered right ventricle
• Etiology
• Treatment
• Tricuspid dysplasia
• Epidemiology
• Pathology
• Pathophysiology and natural history
• History and clinical examination
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Treatment
• Persistence of the right valve of the sinus venosus
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Bibliography
• 5 CONGENITAL DISEASES OF THE LEFT HEART
• Introduction
• Malformations of the aortic valve apparatus
• Pathology
• Pathophysiology and natural history
• Signalment
• History and clinical examination
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Association with other CHDs
• Breed screening
• Treatment
• Mitral valve dysplasia
• Pathology
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical examination
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Treatment
• Supravalvular obstruction of the mitral valve
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Bibliography
• 6 CONGENITAL CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES WITH A SYSTEMIC-TO-PULMONARY SHUNT
• Patent ductus arteriosus
• Pathology and pathophysiology
• Association with other CHDs
• Signalment
• History and clinical examination
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Treatment
• PDA in cats
• Other systemic-to-pulmonary vascular shunts
• Atrial septal defects
• Introduction
• Anatomy and pathophysiology
• ASD pathology and pathophysiology
• History and clinical examination
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Natural history and treatment
• Patent foramen ovale
• Atrioventricular septal defects
• Pathophysiology and natural history
• History and clinical examination
• Echocardiography
• Treatment
• Double-outlet right atrium (DORA)
• Pathophysiology and natural history
• Epidemiology, history, and clinical signs
• Treatment
• Ventricular septal defects
• Anatomy
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical examination
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Treatment
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Anatomy
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical examination
• Electrocardiography and radiography
• Echocardiography
• Medical and surgical management
• Bibliography
• 7 UNCOMMON CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
• Conotruncal septal defects
• Persistent truncus arteriosus
• Abnormalities and pathophysiology
• Clinical findings and diagnosis
• Treatment and prognosis
• Transposition of the great arteries
• Abnormalities and pathophysiology
• Clinical findings and diagnosis
• Treatment and prognosis
• Aortopulmonary window
• Abnormalities and pathophysiology
• Clinical findings and diagnosis
• Treatment and prognosis
• Congenital endocardial fibroelastosis
• Lesions and pathophysiology
• Clinical signs and diagnosis
• Treatment
• Prognosis
• Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery
• Abnormalities and pathophysiology
• Clinical findings and diagnosis
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Treatment and prognosis
• Pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum
• Abnormalities and pathophysiology
• Clinical examination and diagnosis
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Treatment and prognosis
• Uhl's anomaly
• Abnormalities and pathophysiology
• Clinical findings and diagnosis
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Situs inversus totalis
• Clinical examination
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Treatment and prognosis
• Vascular ring anomalies
• Clinical findings and diagnosis
• Treatment and prognosis
• Bibliography
• Acquired Cardiovascular Diseases
• 8 MYXOMATOUS VALVULAR DISEASE
• Introduction
• Epidemiology, etiology, and pathogenesis
• Epidemiology
• Etiology
• Pathogenesis
• Pathology and pathophysiology
• Pathology
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical signs
• Physical examination
• Diagnostic methods
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Laboratory tests
• Classification of severity
• Management
• Preclinical dogs (ACVIM stage B)
• Mild to moderate signs of congestive heart failure (ACVIM stage C)
• Recurrent signs of congestive heart failure (ACVIM stages C or D)
• Severe and life-threatening (fulminant) congestive heart failure (ACVIM stages C or D)
• Management of complications associated with myxomatous mitral valve disease
• Coughing
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Arrhythmia leading to syncopal events
• Acute rupture of the chordae tendineae
• Left atrial rupture and cardiac tamponade
• Bibliography
• APPENDIX 8A: TRANSCATHETER EDGE-TO-EDGE MITRAL VALVE REPAIR
• Case selection for mitral intervention
• Procedure description
• Expected outcomes
• Bibliography
• 9 INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
• Introduction
• Epidemiology and pathogenesis
• Epidemiology
• Etiology
• Pathogenesis
• Pathophysiology and clinical signs
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical signs
• Physical examination
• Diagnostic methods
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Laboratory tests
• Diagnostic criteria
• Management
• Prognosis
• Prevention
• Bibliography
• 10 CANINE CARDIOMYOPATHIES
• Introduction
• Canine dilated cardiomyopathy
• Epidemiology and etiology
• Pathology and pathophysiology
• Clinical signs and physical examination findings
• Diagnostic methods
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Laboratory tests
• Management and therapy
• Diuretics
• Positive inotropic drugs
• β-blockers
• ACE inhibitors
• Antiarrhythmic treatment
• Prognosis
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
• Epidemiology and etiology
• Pathology and pathophysiology
• Clinical signs and physical examination findings
• Diagnostic methods
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Laboratory tests
• Management and therapy
• Antiarrhythmic treatment
• Prognosis
• Arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy
• Epidemiology and etiology
• Pathology and pathophysiology
• Clinical signs and physical examination findings
• Diagnostic methods
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Management and therapy
• Prognosis
• Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy
• Epidemiology and etiology
• Pathology and pathophysiology
• Clinical signs and physical examination findings
• Diagnostic methods
• Electrocardiography
• Echocardiography
• Management and therapy
• Nutritional cardiomyopathy
• Taurine
• L-carnitine
• Grain-free diets
• Myocarditis
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Bibliography
• 11 FELINE CARDIOMYOPATHIES
• Introduction
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Etiology
• Pathology and pathophysiology
• Epidemiology, clinical signs, and physical examination findings
• Diagnosis
• Electrocardiography
• Thoracic radiography
• Echocardiography
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Laboratory tests
• Classification of severity
• Management and therapy
• Stage A
• Stage B
• Stage C
• Stage D
• Treatment of arterial thromboembolism
• Prognosis
• Screening programs
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy
• Etiology
• Pathology and pathophysiology
• Epidemiology, clinical signs, and physical examination findings
• Diagnosis
• Management and therapy
• Prognosis
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Etiology
• Pathology and pathophysiology
• Epidemiology, clinical signs, and physical examination findings
• Diagnosis
• Management and therapy
• Prognosis
• Monitoring
• Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
• Etiology
• Pathology and pathophysiology
• Epidemiology, clinical signs, and physical examination findings
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Monitoring
• Nonspecific cardiomyopathies
• Myocarditis
• Bibliography
• 12 PERICARDIAL DISEASES
• Introduction
• Anatomy and physiology of the pericardium
• Congenital pericardial diseases
• Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia
• Epidemiology
• Clinical signs and physical examination
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Intrapericardial cysts
• Clinical signs and diagnosis
• Treatment
• Pericardial defects
• Etiology, lesions, and pathophysiology
• Clinical signs
• Diagnosis
• Treatment and prognosis
• Acquired pericardial diseases
• Pericardial effusion/cardiac tamponade
• Etiology
• Pathophysiology
• Epidemiology, clinical findings, and physical examination
• Nonimaging diagnostics
• Imaging diagnostics
• Therapy for pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade
• Prognosis
• Constrictive pericardial disease
• Etiology and pathophysiology
• History, clinical findings, and physical examination
• Diagnosis
• Therapy
• Pericardial mesothelioma
• Etiology, lesions, and pathophysiology
• Clinical evaluation and diagnosis
• Treatment and prognosis
• Bibliography
• 13 CARDIAC TUMORS
• Introduction
• Epidemiology and pathogenesis of cardiac tumors
• Author's data
• Phenotypes of cardiac tumors
• Hemangiosarcoma
• Heart base tumors
• Chemodectoma
• Ectopic thyroid tumor
• Lymphoma
• Mesothelioma
• Less common cardiac tumors
• Metastatic cardiac tumors
• Pathophysiology and clinical signs
• Cardiac tamponade
• Compression
• Obstruction
• Infiltration
• Diagnostic methods
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Other diagnostic procedures
• Prognosis and treatment
• Pericardiocentesis
• Pericardectomy and pericardiotomy
• Vascular stenting
• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Bibliography
• 14 PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
• Introduction
• Epidemiology and etiology of pulmonary hypertension
• Physiology and pathophysiology
• Pulmonary circulation
• Pathophysiology of pulmonary vasoconstriction
• Vascular anatomical remodeling
• Cardiac remodeling
• Different phenotypes of pulmonary hypertension
• Type 1: Pulmonary arterial hypertension
• Type 2: Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease
• Type 3: Pulmonary hypertension due to respiratory diseases and hypoxia
• Type 4: Pulmonary hypertension due to thrombotic and/or embolic disease
• Diagnostic methods
• Electrocardiography
• Radiography
• Echocardiography
• Right heart catheterization
• Management and therapy
• Oxygen supplementation
• Diuretics
• Positive inotropic drugs
• Pulmonary vasodilators
• Bibliography
• 15 CARDIAC EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES AND METABOLIC DISORDERS
• Introduction
• Endocrine disorders
• Feline hyperthyroidism
• Canine hyperthyroidism
• Hypothyroidism
• Hypersomatotropism (acromegaly) in cats
• Hyperadrenocorticism in dogs
• Pheochromocytoma
• Primary hyperaldosteronism in cats
• Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs
• Electrolyte disorders
• Potassium disorders
• Calcium disorders
• Magnesium disorders
• Anemia
• Nutritional deficiencies
• Taurine deficiency
• Carnitine deficiencies
• Deficiencies in B vitamins
• Grain-free diets
• Renal disorders (uremia)
• Infectious diseases
• Bacterial diseases
• General considerations
• Borreliosis
• Protozoal diseases
• Chagas' disease
• Leishmaniasis
• Fungal diseases
• Coccidioidomycosis
• Blastomycosis
• Viral diseases
• Parvovirus
• Feline infectious peritonitis
• Systemic hypertension
• Thromboembolic disorders
• Parasitic diseases
• Heartworm
• Angiostrongyliasis
• Miscellaneous
• Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
• Splenectomy
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Bibliography
• Multimedia content