Table of Contents

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• AUTHORS
• Table of Contents
• Video index
• FOREWORD
• PART I • PRINCIPLES OF HAEMODYNAMICS AND POINT-OF-CARE ULTRASOUND
• CHAPTER 1: OPTIMISATION OF THE ULTRASOUND IMAGE
• The Physics of ultrasound
• Image formation
• Propagation, reflection and refraction
• Resolution
• Doppler Physics
• Doppler Technique
• Transducers, ultrasound system adjustments and recognition of artefacts
• Transducers
• Ultrasound system settings and adjustments for image optimisation
• Artefacts
• Scanning techniques
• Recommended reading
• CHAPTER 2: PRINCIPLES OF HAEMODYNAMICS
• Cardiovascular physiology
• Heart-circulation interaction
• Heart-lung interaction
• Alveolar, pleural and transpulmonary pressure
• Venous return, cardiac output and central venous pressure
• Integration of the Guyton and Campbell curves for the study of the interaction between heart and lungs
• Clinical applications
• Fluid responsiveness
• Recommended reading
• PART II • SCANNING TECHNIQUES FOR APPARATUS AND RECOGNITION OF ULTRASOUND SIGNS
• CHAPTER 3: ULTRASOUND IN HAEMODYNAMICS ASSESSMENT. FOCUSED CARDIAC ULTRASOUND
• Performing the transthoracic echocardiographic examination
• Choice of the type of probe
• Image optimisation
• Methods for execution
• Echocardiographic views
• Assessment of the left atrium and ventricle size
• Stroke volume calculation through echocardiography
• Repeatability, accuracy and learning curve of the FoCUS examination
• Study of the systolic and diastolic ventricular function
• Echocardiographic study of the systolic function
• Diastolic function
• Echocardiographic study of the diastolic function
• Study of the caudal vena cava
• Hepatic window
• Subcostal window
• Splenorenal window
• Recommended reading
• CHAPTER 4: THORACIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY
• Thoracic ultrasound anatomy and direct and indirect ultrasound of the lung
• Lung ultrasound semeiotics: pleuropulmonary artefacts and signs
• Vertical artefacts
• Pleuropulmonary signs
• Image optimisation and choice of the type of probe
• Investigation methods
• Patient positioning
• Type of examination
• Main ultrasound patterns in the various lung aeration pictures
• Normal air/water ratio
• Interstitial syndrome
• Alveolar syndrome
• Disorders of the pleura and pleural space
• Mixed pleuropulmonary pictures
• Ultrasound of pleural effusions
• Recommended reading
• CHAPTER 5: POINT-OF-CARE ULTRASOUND OF THE ABDOMEN
• Image optimisation and choice of the type of probe
• Indications and signs of Point-of-Care ultrasound of the abdomen
• Ultrasound signs in the patient with trauma and in the patient with acute abdomen
• Trauma patients
• Non-traumatic acute abdomen
• Recommended reading
• PART III • PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF POINT-OF-CARE ULTRASOUND IN THE MAIN CLINICAL SYNDROMES
• CHAPTER 6: FLUID RESPONSIVENESS. CLASSIFICATION, OPTIMISATION AND MONITORING OF THE EFFECTS
• Preload assessment according to response probability
• Predictive indices of fluid responsiveness and Point-of-Care ultrasound
• Recommended reading
• CHAPTER 7: SHOCK AND HYPOTENSION. CLINICAL APPROACH
• Definitions
• Recognition and treatment of the hypoperfused patient
• Diagnostic and therapeutic protocols
• Diagnostic algorithms in the various types of shock
• Recommended reading
• CHAPTER 8: FLUIDS AND INOTROPIC AND VASOACTIVE DRUGS. MONITORING THE EFFECTS
• Venous return and ventriculo-arterial coupling: the two main determinants of the interaction between heart and circulation
• Venous return
• Ventriculo-arterial coupling
• Cardiac work and ventricular efficiency
• Influence of the neurovegetative system on Ea/Ees. Clinical examples
• Main effects of the drugs used on the critical patient
• Fluids
• Dynamic elastance (Eadyn)
• Norepinephrine
• Pimobendan
• Dexmedetomidine
• Dobutamine
• Halogenates
• Propofol
• Opioids
• Ketamine
• Recommended reading
• CHAPTER 9: SUSPECTED PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM. INTEGRATED APPROACH
• Introduction to pulmonary thromboembolism
• Main integrated ultrasound signs
• Lung ultrasound
• FoCUS examination
• Differential diagnosis of acute and chronic pulmonary thromboembolism
• Recommended reading
• CHAPTER 10: USE OF POINT-OF-CARE ULTRASOUND IN CARDIAC ARREST AND IN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
• Use of ultrasound in recognising cardiac arrest
• Ultrasound recognition of reversible causes for cardiac arrest
• Hypovolaemia
• Cardiac tamponade
• Tension pneumothorax
• Pulmonary thromboembolism
• Monitoring the efficacy of pulmonary resuscitation
• Assessment of ventricular function and preload in post-arrest ROSC
• Recommended reading
• CHAPTER 11: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF DYSPNOEA
• Main integrated ultrasound signs
• Lung disorders
• Disorders of the pleural space
• Disorders of the airways
• Recommended reading
• CHAPTER 12: ULTRASOUND APPROACH TO THE POLYTRAUMATISED PATIENT
• Main ultrasound signs
• Recommended reading
• CHAPTER 13: ULTRASOUND MANAGEMENT OF VENTILATORY SUPPORT IN THE CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT
• Ventilation and perfusion in the normal and pathological lung
• Effects of ventilatory support on the lung
• Main types of ventilatory support
• Various image diagnostics techniques in pulmonary ventilation management
• Radiology
• Computerised Tomography (CT)
• Point-of-Care lung ultrasound
• Ventilation strategies and monitoring of pulmonary recruitment-derecruitment during CPAP or mechanical ventilation in the pathological lung
• Ultrasound monitoring of the haemodynamic effects of mechanical ventilation and CPAP
• Clinical application of Point-of-Care ultrasound in ventilatory support management in the dog and cat
• Recommended reading
• CHAPTER 14: HAEMODYNAMIC, PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CONGESTION
• Introduction to the differential assessment of the congestive state
• Left congestive heart failure
• Right congestive heart failure
• Use of Point-of-Care ultrasound in the assessment of pulmonary congestion
• Use of Point-of-Care ultrasound in the assessment of haemodynamic congestion
• Monitoring pulmonary congestion
• Recommended reading
• CHAPTER 15: DISORDERS OF THE PLEURAL AND PERICARDIAL CAVITY
• Pleural effusion
• Treatment of pleural effusion
• Pericardial effusion
• Anatomy and physiology of the pericardium
• Pathophysiology of cardiac tamponade and haemodynamic impact
• Point-of-Care ultrasound diagnosis of cardiac tamponade
• Treatment of cardiac tamponade
• Pneumothorax
• Point-of-Care ultrasound diagnosis of pneumothorax
• Treatment of pneumothorax
• Recommended reading
• CHAPTER 16: ULTRASOUND-GUIDED PROCEDURES
• Image optimisation and techniques for execution
• Long Axis In-Plane approach
• Short-Axis Out-of-Plane approach
• Oblique-Axis approach
• Ultrasound-guided vascular access procedures
• Ultrasound anatomy of arterial and venous vessels in the dog and cat
• Choice of vessel and catheter
• Ultrasound-guided centesis (abdominal and thoracic)
• Small ultrasound-guided clinical procedures
• Contraindications and complications
• Recommended reading